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Sir Tewfik Pasha (Tawfiq of Egypt) GCB, GCSI (1852-1892) (Arabic: محمد توفيق باشا) was a khedive of Egypt. more...

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He was the son of Khedive Ismail, and was born on November 15, 1852. His mother was the Princess Shafiq-Nur. Although he was the eldest son, he was not sent to Europe to be educated like his younger brothers, but was left to grow up in his native country.

In 1866, Ismail succeeded in his endeavour to alter the order of succession to the khediviate. The title, instead of passing to the eldest living male descendant of Mehemet Ali, was now to descend from father to son. Ismail sought this alteration mainly because he disliked his uncle, Halim Pasha, who was his heir-presumptive, and he had imagined that he would be able to select whichever of his sons he pleased for his successor.

But he found, after the change had been made, that the powers interpreted the new arrangement as applying strictly to the eldest son. Tewfik therefore became heir-apparent.

He was given a palace near Cairo to live in, and for twelve years he passed an uneventful life, farming, and establishing a reputation for good sense and fair dealing with his fellow tenants.

In 1878 he was appointed president of the council after the dismissal of Nubar Pasha. He held this office only for a few months; but this was long enough to show that, if he was unambitious and not particularly intelligent or energetic, he had the wisdom to refrain from taking a part in the intrigues which then formed the chief part of political life in Egypt.

He went back to his estate, and settled down once more to a quiet country life. He was not left undisturbed for long. On June 26, 1879, Ismail, at the instance of Britain and France, was deposed by the sultan, who sent orders at the same time that Tewfik should be proclaimed khedive.

The new viceroy was so displeased by the news of his accession that he soundly boxed the ears of the servant who first brought the tidings to him. Egypt at that time was involved in financial and political troubles brought about by the policy of Ismail, and the situation was made worse by the inaction of England and France for some months following Tewfik's accession.

Tewfik's people were dissatisfied, his army disaffected; his advisers were nearly all of the adventurer class, with their own ends to gain; and he himself had neither the character of a strong ruler nor the experience that would have enabled him to secure an orderly administration of affairs.

Disorder prevailed until November 1879, when the dual control was reestablished by the governments of Britain and France. For over two years Major Baring (afterwards Lord Cromer), Mr. (afterwards Sir) Auckland Colvin, and M. de Blignieres practically governed the country, endeavouring to institute reforms while possessing no means of coercion.

Read more at Wikipedia.org